Andromeda Galaxy
- Kate Green
- Sep 7, 2024
- 7 min read
The Andromeda Galaxy, also called Messier 31 or M31, is the nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way.
It is 2.5 million light years away from Earth and is the other major member of the Local Group, our local collection of galaxies.
Like the Milky Way, it is a barred spiral galaxy, so-called for the bar-like structure formed by the stars in its centre.
Andromeda is about 260,000 light-years wide, according to NASA, making it the largest galaxy in the Local Group. However, its mass is comparable to or even less than that of the Milky Way, according to NASA JPL
Scientists think the galaxy could be anywhere from 5 and 10 billion years old. However, it may not have existed in its current form until two or three billion years ago, when two smaller galaxies orbiting each other merged to form the current Andromeda Galaxy, according to a 2018 study.
Can I see Andromeda?
Andromeda is visible to the naked eye but only when viewed in dark skies and ideally on a moonless night. In many places, it is visible the entire year for at least part of the night but is highest in the sky and therefore easiest to spot in August and September, according to EarthSky. There are several ways to find Andromeda. One of the easiest is to locate the constellation Cassiopeia, which forms a kind of M or W shape in the sky. The lowest point of the W is the star Schedar, which points directly at Andromeda.
Using a high-powered telescope in dark skies, it is also possible to observe some of the star clusters within the galaxy, such as the bright cluster Mayall II, also called Globular One or G1. This cluster is so bright that some researchers think it is the remnant of the core of a dwarf galaxy that merged with Andromeda in the distant past.
What will happen when we hit the Andromeda galaxy?
When the Milky Way and Andromeda merge in about 4.5 billion years, they will form a huge elliptical galaxy. Chances are that our solar system will be unaffected. We might be pulled away from the centre of the galaxy, or we might be totally ejected from it. Stars are so far apart that any sort of collision is extremely unlikely. However, it is almost certain that the increasing luminosity of our sun will have caused Earth to become inhospitable to all multicellular life by this point, so we will not be around to find out.
Is Andromeda bigger than the Milky Way?
Andromeda is larger than the Milky Way in terms of the distance it extends. However, the two galaxies are comparable in mass, and it is hard to say which one is more massive.
Colliding galaxies:
Andromeda and the Milky Way are slowly drifting towards each other, leading scientists to conclude that they will collide about 4.5 billion years from now, according to a 2019 study. The two galaxies will form a giant elliptical, or oval, galaxy, according to NASA.
It is not clear what might happen to our planet and solar system during this merger. Scientists think we might be swept about much further away from the core of the Milky Way, according to NASA, or be completely ejected from our galaxy. However, neither one of these things would impact our solar system.
Unfortunately (or fortunately) for us, we will not be around to find out what happens. By around a billion years from now, the sun's increasing luminosity is predicted to have disrupted life on Earth so thoroughly that only single-celled organisms will be left.
A possible exoplanet:
In 1999, scientists noticed a minute change in Andromeda known as a microlensing event, which they called PA-99-N2. Gravitational lensing happens when something extremely massive, like a large galaxy, bends the light of a far more distant background object behind it, sometimes creating multiple distorted images of that object. With microlensing, a smaller object, like a star or planet, causes this type of distortion. The distortion of light causes the background source to become temporarily brighter, according to the Planetary Society.
One explanation for this event is that the background object was a red giant star in Andromeda, and the lensing object was another star in the galaxy, with a planet orbiting it. Scientists think this star has a planet because of the pattern of the brightening during the event. If this planet exists, it would be the first exoplanet discovered in another galaxy. The planet may be around 6.34 times the mass of Jupiter, according to a 2012 study.
Andromeda and the Great Debate
In the 1920s, the distant galaxy became part of the Great Debate between American astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis. At the time, astronomers thought the Milky Way composed the whole universe, and the strange patches such as Andromeda (known as "nebulas" at the time) lay inside of them. Curtis had spotted various novas in Andromeda and argued it was not a "nebula" but instead that it was a separate galaxy.
The discussion was not concluded until 1925 when Edwin Hubble identified a special kind of star known as a Cepheid variable — a star whose characteristics allow for precise measurements of distance — within Andromeda. Because Shapley had previously determined that the Milky Way was only 100,000 light-years across, Hubble's calculations revealed that the fuzzy patch was too far away to lie within the Milky Way.
What are some major similarities and differences between Andromeda and our Milky Way galaxy?
Both are intermediate-type spirals, with 3-D central bars (not very strong ones). M31 is often reported as more massive. Both central black holes are relatively inactive. M31 is even less active than the Milky Way at least at present.
M31 probably has more globular clusters. Both have families of a dozen or more dwarf galaxies around them, the Milky Way's dwarf galaxies are better inventoried than M31 because they're easier to observe.
How similar would they look if we could see both from the outside?
Not quite sure, because we cannot see our own from outside!
What are some ways we think Andromeda might have evolved and changed over time?
The current understanding is that both the Milky Way and M31 (and large galaxies in general) have formed from mergers of a few smaller ones and ongoing accretion of dwarf galaxies.
The evidence is streams of stars moving together in the Milky Way that are left from such dwarfs coming close and getting torn apart. As a result, there are lots of stars in the Milky Way that are older than the age of the fully assembled galaxy. Mergers still occur from time to time for both the Milky Way and M31. Both probably also have had their nuclei more active in the past when the central black holes experienced episodes of accreting gas and/or having a star come close enough to get torn apart (tidal disruption event) and fall into the black hole.
Why do researchers think Andromeda will collide or merge with our galaxy?
The two galaxies are moving toward each other now at about 100 km/sec and are about 685,000 parsecs apart, so some interaction is inevitable. Probably a glancing collision because the Milky Way and M31 are not aimed exactly straight at one another.
How would our galaxy merge with Andromeda impact Earth and our solar system?
Not predictable for certain (because there is some tiny probability of a near collision of the sun with an M31 star) but certainly fairly minor because the stars are so far apart compared to their sizes and the sizes of the main part of the solar system.
Gas from the two galaxies will collide, forming a shockwave and very likely trigger an episode of star formation so that a few million years later, we would probably have lots more young, bright stars near enough to be naked-eye objects.
Resources:
NASA. "The Galaxy Next Door”. https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/galaxy-next-door/
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "Cool, New Views of Andromeda Galaxy.” https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/cool-new-views-of-andromeda-galaxy
Schindler, K. "Views From Mars Hill: Andromeda Galaxy," Lowell Observatory. https://lowell.edu/views-from-mars-hill-andromeda-galaxy/
Hammer F et al. "A 2–3 billion-year-old major merger paradigm for the Andromeda galaxy and its outskirts," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/475/2/2754/4839413
McClure, B. "Andromeda galaxy: All you need to know," EarthSky. https://earthsky.org/clusters-nebulae-galaxies/andromeda-galaxy-closest-spiral-to-milky-way/
Refreshing Views. "Star Clusters in Another Galaxy”. https://www.youtube.com/watch
Ma J et al. "Structural parameters of Mayall II = G1 in M31," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/376/4/1621/1014745
van der Marel R et al. "First Gaia Dynamics of the Andromeda System: DR2 Proper Motions, Orbits, and Rotation of M31 and M33," The Astrophysical Journal. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ab001b
NASA Hubble Mission Team. "NASA's Hubble Shows Milky Way is Destined for Head-On Collision." https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/nasas-hubble-shows-milky-way-is-destined-for-head-on-collision/
Muir H. "Galactic merger to 'evict' Sun and Earth," New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11852-galactic-merger-to-evict-sun-and-earth/#.VDVdDvl_uVB
O'Malley-James, Jack T et al. "Swansong biospheres II: the final signs of life on terrestrial planets near the end of their habitable lifetimes," International Journal of Astrobiology. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-astrobiology/article/abs/swansong-biospheres-ii-the-final-signs-of-life-on-terrestrial-planets-near-the-end-of-their-habitable-lifetimes/EC5E8031028203F2EA3866C170575922#
The Planetary Society. "Space-Warping Planets: The Microlensing Method.” https://www.planetary.org/articles/space-warping-planets-the-microlensing-method
Ingrosso, G et al. "Detection of exoplanets in M31 with Pixel-Lensing: The Event PA-99-N2 Case," The Twelfth Marcel Grossmann Meeting. https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789814374552_0433
Image #1: Image of the andromeda galaxy showing swirling arms of gas and dust with a bright centre. (Image credit: Westend61 via Getty Images)
Image #2: This mosaic of M31 merges 330 individual images taken by the Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope aboard NASA's Swift spacecraft. It is the highest-resolution image of the galaxy ever recorded in the ultraviolet. The image shows a region 200,000 light-years wide and 100,000 light-years high (100 arcminutes by 50 arcminutes). (Image credit: NASA/Swift/Stefan Immler (GSFC) and Erin Grand (UMCP))
Image #3: The Andromeda galaxy in the visible, infrared, and X-ray light spectrums, using data from the European Space Agency's Herschel (infrared) and XMM-Newton (X-ray) observatories, as well as the optical image by Robert Gendler. (Image credit: infrared: ESA/Herschel/PACS/SPIRE/J. Fritz, U. Gent; X-ray: ESA/XMM-Newton/EPIC/W. Pietsch, MPE; optical: R. Gendler)
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